1. Process where decreasing proportion of population lives in cities

2. Building more factories

3. Process where increasing proportion of population lives in cities rather than rural areas ✓

4. Increasing agricultural production

1. About 50%

2. About 20%

3. About 80% ✓

4. About 100%

1. About 50% ✓

2. About 20%

3. About 80%

4. About 100%

1. Factory jobs in cities

2. Higher wages in cities

3. Enclosure movement displacing small farmers and fewer agricultural jobs ✓

4. Urban opportunities

1. Rural poverty

2. Better farming opportunities

3. Abundant factory jobs, higher wages, and social opportunities ✓

4. Less competition

1. Near resources like coal fields, iron deposits, and ports, or at transportation hubs ✓

2. Only in the south

3. Randomly distributed

4. Only near London

1. It tripled

2. It doubled

3. It grew nearly 14 times from 22,000 to 303,000 ✓

4. It stayed the same

1. Houses facing each other

2. Rows of houses sharing back walls, with two rooms, no back door or windows, shared outdoor toilets, and no running water ✓

3. Luxury housing

4. Government-built housing

1. Luxury basements

2. Poorest people living in basements below street level, prone to flooding with almost no light ✓

3. Storage areas

4. Factory workspaces

1. Too much clean water

2. Too many sewers

3. No sewers, no clean water, no waste collection, leading to contaminated water and disease ✓

4. Too much waste collection

1. About 5,000

2. No deaths

3. About 100,000

4. About 52,000 ✓

1. Lower than rural areas

2. About 50% of children died before age 5, much higher than rural areas ✓

3. Same as rural areas

4. No children died

1. Too many trees

2. Natural weather patterns

3. Clean air from factories

4. Thousands of factory chimneys and domestic coal fires creating thick, choking smog ✓

1. A famous perfume

2. A fashion trend

3. A food shortage

4. The River Thames in London so polluted that Parliament had to close ✓

1. No social problems

2. Increased crime, poverty-driven theft, gangs, prostitution, and widespread alcoholism ✓

3. Only minor issues

4. Problems decreased

1. All classes lived together

2. Only rich lived in cities

3. Rich moved to suburbs, poor packed in city centers near factories, with physical and social separation ✓

4. Only poor lived in cities

1. A factory owner

2. A politician who opposed reform

3. A public health reformer who investigated sanitary conditions in 1842, linking disease to filthy environment ✓

4. A factory worker

1. It created Board of Health and allowed local boards to improve sanitation, though it was voluntary and weak ✓

2. It banned all public health measures

3. It had no provisions

4. It only helped the rich

1. No improvements

2. Joseph Bazalgette's comprehensive sewer system in the 1860s that separated sewage from water supply ✓

3. Only minor changes

4. Only for wealthy areas

1. No new institutions

2. Only housing

3. Only factories

4. Professional police forces, public libraries, museums, and parks ✓

1. Sleeping in warm beds

2. A factory practice

3. A type of housing

4. Multiple shifts of people using the same bed at different times due to extreme overcrowding ✓

1. About 50%

2. About 20%

3. About 77% ✓

4. About 100%

1. Everyone knew each other

2. No change in community

3. Stronger communities formed

4. Anonymous urban environment broke traditional social ties, with no parish support system and isolation despite crowds ✓

1. Better housing built by some enlightened industrialists like Saltaire, Bournville, and Port Sunlight, though rare exceptions ✓

2. Government housing projects

3. All industrial housing

4. Rural villages

1. No lessons learned

2. Infrastructure must precede growth, urban planning is essential, public health requires government intervention, and housing standards are needed ✓

3. Cities should not be planned

4. Only market forces matter

1. Cottage industry was at home with skilled craftsmen, factory system was in centralized buildings with machine operators ✓

2. Cottage industry was in factories, factory system was at home

3. There was no difference

4. Cottage industry used machines, factory system used hand tools

1. Workers preferred factories

2. Government required it

3. Homes were too small

4. Machines were too expensive for individuals, required water or steam power, and needed large space ✓

1. Breaking production into many small specialized tasks ✓

2. Workers doing the same task

3. Dividing workers by age

4. Separating men and women workers

1. 100 times

2. 10 times

3. 2,400 times ✓

4. 50 times

1. All workers doing the same job

2. Standard wages for all

3. Standard working hours

4. Making all products to same specifications with interchangeable parts ✓

1. Workers owning their tools and workspace

2. Workers paid by hour or piece, selling only their labor without owning tools or workspace ✓

3. Workers sharing profits

4. Workers receiving free housing

1. Lower costs through economies of scale and less skilled workers needed ✓

2. Higher costs per unit

3. Less control over workers

4. Lower profits

1. 10-12 hours

2. 6-8 hours

3. 8-10 hours

4. 12-16 hours ✓

1. Workers were careless

2. Machines were poorly made

3. Unguarded machinery, no safety regulations, and no compensation for injuries ✓

4. Workers lacked training

1. Constant supervision, no talking or singing, fines for lateness or mistakes, and beatings especially for children ✓

2. Workers could work at their own pace

3. Flexible work schedules

4. Workers could take breaks whenever needed

1. Children were paid very little, had small hands good for machinery, fit into tight spaces, and were obedient ✓

2. Children wanted to work

3. There were no other workers available

4. Children were stronger than adults

1. Skilled workers learning new trades

2. Children receiving education

3. Orphans from workhouses 'apprenticed' to factory owners, essentially slave labor ✓

4. Young adults choosing to work

1. Workers owning factories

2. Government owning factories

3. New economic relationship where capitalists owned means of production and hired workers who sold only their labor ✓

4. Workers sharing ownership

1. Nothing, they gained everything

2. Only their tools

3. Independence, control over pace, ability to work at home, and skilled craft status ✓

4. Only their workspace

1. It banned all child labor

2. It increased working hours

3. It limited child labor: no children under 9, ages 9-13 max 9 hours/day, ages 13-18 max 12 hours/day, with 2 hours schooling ✓

4. It had no regulations

1. It increased hours to 10

2. It had no effect

3. It required 10 hours of education

4. It limited women and young people to 10 hours per day ✓

1. They did not resist

2. Only through violence

3. Only through legal means

4. Through strikes, early trade unions (illegal until 1824), and sabotage like the Luddites ✓

1. Cool and comfortable

2. Well-ventilated and quiet

3. Very hot and humid, with lint and dust everywhere, deafening noise, and poor lighting ✓

4. Similar to offices

1. Workers could work whenever they wanted

2. Only managers used clocks

3. Workers didn't need to know the time

4. Workers controlled by clock with bells signaling start, breaks, and end of work ✓

1. Only textile mills

2. Only pottery factories

3. Only iron works

4. Textile mills, iron works, pottery factories, and mining (similar conditions) ✓

1. Mass production lowered prices, created modern consumer economy, and eventually higher standard of living ✓

2. Nothing positive

3. Only negative impacts

4. Workers became wealthy immediately

1. Established precedent of worker exploitation, environmental pollution, and alienation of workers from their work ✓

2. No negative legacy

3. Only positive legacy

4. Workers became too independent

1. Workers putting products outside

2. Merchant supplied materials and paid for finished goods, workers worked at home ✓

3. Workers buying their own materials

4. Government supplying materials

1. He applied division of labor to pottery production, creating high-quality affordable china ✓

2. He invented the steam engine

3. He banned child labor

4. He only worked in textiles

1. It has no relevance today

2. Only positive aspects remain

3. All problems are solved

4. Similar issues exist in sweatshops, gig economy, automation replacing workers, and debates about work-life balance ✓

1. Innovations were only in the textile industry

2. Inventions happened independently without connection

3. All inventions came from scientists in universities

4. One invention created need for another in a chain reaction ✓

1. Richard Arkwright

2. James Hargreaves ✓

3. Samuel Crompton

4. Edmund Cartwright

1. It was hand-powered

2. It used steam power

3. It could weave cloth

4. It used water power and required factory production ✓

1. Spinning jenny and water frame ✓

2. Steam engine and water wheel

3. Power loom and cotton gin

4. Iron and coal production

1. Too much thread but not enough weaving capacity ✓

2. Not enough cotton

3. Lack of power sources

4. Poor quality thread

1. James Watt; it powered textile factories

2. Richard Arkwright; it improved thread quality

3. Eli Whitney; it made cotton processing 50 times faster ✓

4. Edmund Cartwright; it mechanized spinning

1. It only powered textile machines

2. It was the cheapest power source

3. It was invented first

4. It provided mobile, consistent power independent of water or wind ✓

1. Using it only for pumping water

2. Using coal instead of wood

3. Making it smaller

4. A separate condenser that made it 75% more efficient ✓

1. They worked separately

2. Both were inventors

3. Both were businessmen

4. Boulton provided capital and business skills, Watt provided technical genius ✓

1. Using steam power

2. Using charcoal from wood

3. Using coke (processed coal) instead of charcoal ✓

4. Using water power

1. Puddling process to remove impurities and rolling mill to shape iron ✓

2. Steam-powered spinning

3. Cotton gin technology

4. Water frame improvements

1. Lighting factories

2. Powering steam engines

3. Preventing methane gas explosions in coal mines ✓

4. Spinning thread

1. They removed water from deep mines, allowing deeper mining ✓

2. They provided light in mines

3. They transported coal to surface

4. They prevented explosions

1. They avoided trial and error

2. They were university scientists

3. They worked only in laboratories

4. They were practical men solving real problems, often self-taught ✓

1. 235 times ✓

2. 50 times

3. 10 times

4. 1000 times

1. It decreased

2. It increased 80 times from 25,000 to 2 million tons ✓

3. It remained the same

4. It doubled

1. Cottage industry was at home with hand tools, factory system was in factories with machines ✓

2. Cottage industry was in factories, factory system was at home

3. Cottage industry used machines, factories used hand tools

4. There was no difference

1. Government officials who regulated industry

2. Inventors who created new machines

3. Factory owners who built new factories

4. Textile workers who destroyed machinery because they lost jobs ✓

1. All workers became wealthy

2. Skilled workers were displaced and lost livelihoods ✓

3. Everyone found better jobs

4. No negative impacts occurred

1. Cities had more workers

2. Steam engines provided power independent of water sources ✓

3. Cities had better roads

4. Cities had more coal

1. Not enough cotton

2. Not enough thread for weavers ✓

3. Not enough power

4. Not enough factories

1. Reduced production

2. Made them more expensive

3. Made British textiles the cheapest in the world ✓

4. Made them lower quality

1. A textile spinning method from 1764

2. A steam engine improvement from 1784

3. A method to mass-produce steel developed by Henry Bessemer in 1856 ✓

4. A coal mining technique from 1815

1. Innovations were completely independent

2. Each innovation reduced demand for others

3. Each innovation created needs for other innovations in an interconnected cycle ✓

4. Only one innovation was needed

1. All goods became more expensive

2. Mass production made goods cheaper and more varied ✓

3. Production decreased

4. No economic benefits occurred

1. 1850-1900

2. 1650-1700

3. 1760-1840 ✓

4. 1900-1950

1. From urban to rural society

2. From industrial to agrarian society

3. From agrarian, rural society to industrial, urban society ✓

4. From machine manufacturing to hand production

1. Fencing off and privatizing common lands ✓

2. Creating enclosed gardens in cities

3. Building walls around factories

4. Protecting industrial secrets

1. Growing four different crops in one field

2. Using four fields for one crop

3. Rotating turnips, barley, clover, and wheat to keep soil fertile ✓

4. Leaving fields empty for four years

1. Robert Bakewell

2. Edward Jenner

3. Jethro Tull ✓

4. James Watt

1. It directly created factories

2. It replaced industrial production

3. It provided food surplus, displaced workers, and generated capital ✓

4. It had no connection to industrialization

1. It decreased from 9 million to 5.5 million

2. It doubled from 9 million to 18 million

3. It remained stable at 9 million

4. It grew from about 5.5 million to approximately 18 million ✓

1. Increased immigration from Europe

2. Government policies encouraging large families

3. Better nutrition from agricultural improvements and medical advances like smallpox vaccination ✓

4. Decreased birth rates

1. Coal was primarily used for domestic heating in homes and had limited industrial applications during this period

2. Coal was mainly exported to other European countries to generate foreign exchange and trade revenue

3. Coal was the primary fuel for steam engines that powered factories, trains, and ships, and was crucial for smelting iron ore to produce machinery and construction materials ✓

4. Coal had no significant role in industrialization as water power and wind power were sufficient for all industrial needs

1. Wood was the most important resource since all machinery and railway tracks were constructed entirely from timber

2. Iron ore was essential for producing machinery, tools, buildings, and railways, as iron and steel were the primary materials for industrial construction ✓

3. Coal was the only natural resource needed as it provided both fuel and construction material for all industrial purposes

4. Gold was essential because it was used as currency to purchase all necessary industrial equipment and materials

1. Waterways were used exclusively for fishing and had no role in transporting industrial goods or materials

2. Rivers and canals created an excellent natural transportation network that made it easy and cost-effective to transport raw materials to factories and finished goods to markets throughout Britain ✓

3. Waterways primarily provided clean drinking water for growing urban populations and had minimal impact on industrial transportation

4. Waterways had no impact on industrialization as all transportation relied entirely on roads and horse-drawn carriages

1. Capital came exclusively from domestic agriculture as farming profits were the sole source of investment funds for industrial ventures

2. All industrial investment came from government loans as private individuals had no capital to invest in factories or machinery

3. Capital was generated primarily from exporting coal to other European countries which provided the main source of foreign exchange

4. Britain accumulated capital from colonial trade including the triangular trade between Britain, Africa, and the Americas, profits from the East India Company's trade with Asia, and domestic merchant activities ✓

1. The Bank of England only served the government's financial needs and was prohibited from lending to private individuals or businesses

2. The Bank of England had no significant role in industrialization as it focused exclusively on government finances and did not interact with private businesses

3. The Bank of England actively prevented industrial investment by restricting credit and making it difficult for entrepreneurs to obtain loans for factory construction

4. The Bank of England, established in 1694, provided financial stability and, along with private banks, made credit and loans available to entrepreneurs, allowing them to borrow money to start factories and purchase machinery ✓

1. Political stability had no effect on industrialization as economic development occurred independently of political conditions

2. Political stability only benefited the government by ensuring tax collection but had no impact on private business investment or industrial growth

3. Political stability actually prevented economic activity by creating complacency and reducing the urgency for industrial development

4. Britain's political stability, including no foreign invasions as an island nation, no internal wars after 1745, and a stable constitutional monarchy with rule of law, created a safe and predictable environment that encouraged long-term business investment and entrepreneurship ✓

1. A cultural attitude that valued hard work, viewed wealth as a sign of virtue and divine favor, and respected entrepreneurship and business success as morally worthy pursuits ✓

2. A belief that work should be avoided as it was seen as a punishment and people should focus on leisure and contemplation instead

3. A religious requirement that limited work to only certain days of the week and prohibited labor on most days for religious observance

4. A social system that prevented social mobility by maintaining rigid class boundaries and preventing people from changing their economic status through work

1. Britain had a more flexible class system than Continental Europe, where it was possible to rise socially through business success, and the aristocracy was willing to invest in trade and industry, creating an environment supportive of entrepreneurship ✓

2. Britain's social structure prevented all social movement and maintained a completely fixed hierarchy where people could never change their social or economic position

3. Britain's social structure was identical to other European countries with the same rigid class system and no differences in social mobility or economic opportunity

4. Britain's social structure was more rigid and closed than Continental Europe, with stricter class boundaries and no possibility of social advancement

1. The Royal Academy was the organization that promoted scientific inquiry and experimentation through its establishment in 1660

2. The Scientific Institute was the main organization established in 1660 that coordinated all scientific research and experimentation in Britain

3. The British Science Council was the government body established in 1660 that directed all scientific inquiry and controlled experimentation

4. The Royal Society, established in 1660, was a scientific organization that promoted a culture of inquiry, experimentation, and knowledge sharing, contributing to Britain's technological foundation and innovation culture ✓

1. The colonial empire provided only raw materials such as cotton and sugar, but had no other significant role in supporting industrialization

2. The colonial empire provided only markets for selling British goods but did not supply raw materials or generate trade wealth for investment

3. Britain's colonial empire provided raw materials like cotton from India and America, captive markets to sell manufactured goods, wealth from trade to invest in industry, and global trade networks protected by the Royal Navy ✓

4. The colonial empire provided nothing of significance to the Industrial Revolution as all resources and markets were found domestically within Britain

1. France experienced frequent wars including the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars, political instability that disrupted business investment, and had less accessible coal deposits compared to Britain's abundant resources ✓

2. France had all the same advantages as Britain including political stability, abundant coal, and capital, but chose not to industrialize for cultural reasons

3. France was too small geographically to support industrial development and lacked sufficient land area for factories and resource extraction

4. France didn't want to industrialize and deliberately avoided adopting new technologies or building factories due to preference for traditional agricultural economy

1. The Agricultural Revolution and Industrial Revolution were completely unrelated events that happened independently without any connection or influence on each other

2. The Industrial Revolution caused the Agricultural Revolution by providing new technologies and machinery that transformed farming methods and increased agricultural productivity

3. The Agricultural Revolution was an essential foundation for the Industrial Revolution, creating food surpluses to feed urban workers, displacing farmers who became factory workers, and generating profits that could be invested in industrial ventures ✓

4. The Agricultural Revolution and Industrial Revolution happened at the same time purely by coincidence with no causal relationship or connection between the two transformations

1. Selective breeding was a method of choosing which crops to plant in rotation, developed and popularized by Jethro Tull for agricultural improvement

2. Selective breeding referred to the process of selecting workers for factories based on their skills and physical abilities to maximize factory productivity

3. Selective breeding involved choosing the best animals to breed together, resulting in larger and healthier livestock, a method pioneered by Robert Bakewell that increased meat and wool production ✓

4. Selective breeding was the method used by industrialists to choose which factories to build in specific locations based on available resources and market conditions

1. Rapid population growth provided essential advantages including a large labor force available for factory work, growing consumer markets to buy manufactured goods, and urban migration as people moved to cities seeking employment ✓

2. Population growth had no impact on industrialization as the number of people was unrelated to industrial development and economic transformation

3. Population growth prevented industrialization by creating overcrowding, resource shortages, and social unrest that disrupted economic development

4. Population growth only created problems such as food shortages, unemployment, and social conflict that hindered rather than helped industrial development

1. Strong property rights and patent laws protected inventors' and entrepreneurs' work, ensuring they could profit from their innovations, which encouraged experimentation and investment in new technologies ✓

2. Property rights and patent laws prevented all innovation by restricting access to knowledge and making it illegal to develop new technologies or inventions

3. Property rights and patent laws only benefited the government by allowing it to control and tax all inventions and business activities

4. Property rights and patent laws had no effect on industrialization as innovation occurred regardless of legal protections or property ownership regulations

1. No other country had any of the factors that contributed to industrialization, making Britain completely unique in possessing any industrial advantages

2. All countries had identical conditions with the same resources, political systems, and social structures, so there was nothing unique about Britain's situation

3. While other countries had some of these factors, Britain was unique in having ALL necessary conditions simultaneously in the late 1700s: agricultural revolution, population growth, natural resources, capital, political stability, supportive social attitudes, technological foundation, and global markets ✓

4. Other countries had better conditions for industrialization including more resources, larger populations, and superior technology, but chose not to industrialize

1. It is called a revolution because it involved violent political change with uprisings, rebellions, and the overthrow of existing governments across Europe

2. It is called a revolution because it was primarily a military conflict involving wars between industrial nations competing for resources and markets

3. It is called a revolution because it only changed agriculture by introducing new farming methods and crop rotation systems

4. It is called a revolution because it represented a fundamental and rapid transformation in how goods were produced, changing from hand production to machine manufacturing, and transforming the economy, society, and daily life faster than any previous economic shift ✓

1. The first successful airplane flight by the Wright brothers

2. The Apollo 11 Moon landing mission

3. Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite ✓

4. The launch of the Hubble Space Telescope

1. Alan Shepard, an American astronaut

2. Yuri Gagarin, a Soviet cosmonaut ✓

3. Neil Armstrong, the first person on the Moon

4. Buzz Aldrin, who walked on the Moon

1. No humans have ever walked on the Moon

2. American astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin ✓

3. Chinese taikonauts on recent missions

4. Soviet cosmonauts during the Space Race

1. 24 astronauts during multiple missions

2. Hundreds of people over the years

3. Only 2 people, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin

4. 12 astronauts, all American men from Apollo missions ✓

1. Pushing against the ground with their engines

2. Using magnetic fields to levitate

3. Newton's Third Law—expelling gas downward creates opposite thrust upward ✓

4. Pushing against the surrounding air molecules

1. Moving fast enough horizontally that it continuously "falls" around Earth ✓

2. Magnetic levitation

3. Being beyond Earth's gravity

4. Floating on air

1. At least 4 satellites for accurate 3D position ✓

2. At least 1 satellite to function properly

3. Only ground-based stations for triangulation

4. No satellites, using only ground signals

1. 1 AU from Earth, similar to the Moon

2. 400 km altitude above Earth ✓

3. 35,786 km altitude in geostationary orbit

4. 100,000 km altitude in deep space

1. Studies only planets

2. Communicates with aliens

3. Observes the universe in visible light, UV, and infrared without atmospheric distortion ✓

4. Measures weather

1. A ground-based telescope located on Earth's surface

2. A radio telescope for detecting radio waves

3. A satellite designed to measure Earth's climate

4. A replacement for Hubble, observing in infrared to see through dust and detect earliest galaxies ✓

1. Direct evidence of alien life forms

2. Evidence of past water including dry riverbeds, minerals that form only in water, and ancient lake beds ✓

3. Currently flowing water on the surface

4. Underground cities built by ancient civilizations

1. Voyager 1 spacecraft during its mission

2. The Mars Curiosity rover using its wheels

3. Ingenuity helicopter on Mars ✓

4. The Apollo lunar module during Moon missions

1. Are still sending data and have entered interstellar space ✓

2. Never left Earth orbit and remain circling our planet

3. Returned to Earth after completing their missions

4. Crashed into planets during their journeys

1. Only took photos from Earth using telescopes

2. Studied the Sun and solar activity

3. Orbited Saturn for 13 years, discovered Enceladus geysers indicating a subsurface ocean, and landed Huygens probe on Titan ✓

4. Failed immediately after launch

1. Only providing entertainment value for viewers

2. No significant benefits to society

3. Wasting money that could be used elsewhere

4. Technology spin-offs like GPS and medical devices, scientific knowledge, inspiration, and long-term survival ✓

1. Neptune's moon Triton with its icy surface

2. Jupiter's moon Io with its volcanic activity

3. Saturn's moon Enceladus with confirmed subsurface ocean, organics, hydrogen, and hydrothermal activity ✓

4. Earth's Moon with its surface rocks

1. It has a subsurface liquid water ocean beneath ice, possibly with hydrothermal vents that could support life ✓

2. It's made of valuable materials like gold

3. It's the largest moon in the solar system

4. It has no atmosphere at all

1. Receiving radio signals from alien civilizations

2. Sending space probes to distant star systems

3. Seeing them directly with powerful telescopes

4. Detecting their gravitational effects or observing star dimming when planets pass in front ✓

1. The orbital distance where liquid water can exist on a planet's surface ✓

2. A region very close to the star

3. Only Earth's specific orbit around the Sun

4. Anywhere within a solar system regardless of distance

1. Building spaceships

2. Only studying Earth

3. Sending astronauts to other stars

4. Listening for radio signals from alien civilizations ✓

1. Build space hotels for commercial tourism

2. Return humans to the Moon and establish permanent presence ✓

3. Land humans directly on Mars

4. Decommission the International Space Station

1. Too much oxygen in the spacecraft

2. Microgravity causing muscle and bone loss, radiation exposure, life support requirements, isolation, and risk to life ✓

3. Only boredom during long missions

4. Excessive gravity affecting the body

1. Reducing costs through reusable rockets and expanding access to space ✓

2. Government agencies

3. Only making toys

4. Not real

1. It's most Earth-like with similar day length, seasons, past water, and potential for habitability ✓

2. It's the closest planet to Earth

3. It contains valuable resources like gold

4. It has a breathable atmosphere for humans

1. It's only for entertainment purposes

2. Aliens might invade Earth if we find them

3. It has no scientific value or importance

4. It would answer the fundamental question 'Are we alone?', reveal if life is common or rare, and expand our understanding of biology and the universe ✓

1. The time it takes Earth to orbit the Sun

2. The brightness of a star

3. The distance light travels in one year (~9.46 trillion km) ✓

4. The age of the universe

1. 100 million years ago

2. 100 years ago ✓

3. Right now

4. 100 seconds ago

1. Electricity flowing through space

2. Nuclear fusion converting hydrogen to helium in their cores ✓

3. Chemical reactions like combustion

4. Burning fuel similar to a fire on Earth

1. Its size

2. Its distance

3. Its age

4. Its surface temperature ✓

1. A supergiant

2. A white dwarf

3. A main sequence star (yellow dwarf) ✓

4. A red giant

1. Its mass (more massive = shorter life) ✓

2. Its age

3. Its color

4. Its distance from Earth

1. On the main sequence (fusing hydrogen to helium) ✓

2. As red giants

3. As supernovae

4. As white dwarfs

1. A neutron star

2. A red giant ✓

3. A supernova

4. A black hole

1. A very hot, bright star in its main sequence phase

2. A type of planet orbiting around stars

3. The remnant core of a low or medium-mass star that is Earth-sized, extremely dense, and no longer fusing ✓

4. A young star just beginning to form

1. Main sequence stars

2. White dwarfs

3. Planetary nebulae

4. Supernovae, leaving neutron stars or black holes ✓

1. It has no significance for the universe

2. It creates and scatters heavy elements into space, seeding future stars and planets ✓

3. It destroys everything in the entire galaxy

4. It cools the universe by removing heat

1. A type of planet similar to Earth

2. The same type of star as our Sun

3. About the same size as Earth but made of neutrons and incredibly dense ✓

4. A star made primarily of hydrogen gas

1. An object with gravity so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape ✓

2. A type of star

3. A hole in space

4. Empty space

1. A single star in the universe

2. A planet orbiting around a star

3. A massive collection of hundreds of billions to trillions of stars, along with gas, dust, and dark matter ✓

4. A moon orbiting around a planet

1. Not a galaxy

2. A spiral galaxy ✓

3. An irregular galaxy

4. An elliptical galaxy

1. Outside any galaxy in intergalactic space

2. In the Andromeda galaxy far from Earth

3. About 26,000 light-years from the center of the Milky Way in the Orion Arm ✓

4. At the exact center of the Milky Way galaxy

1. The nearest large spiral galaxy and on a collision course with the Milky Way ✓

2. A planet in our solar system

3. A star located within our solar system

4. A small galaxy inside the Milky Way

1. The universe is static and unchanging

2. Earth exploded to create the universe

3. The universe is shrinking and getting smaller

4. The universe began from an extremely dense, hot state and has been expanding ever since ✓

1. Cosmic expansion with galaxies receding, Cosmic Microwave Background radiation, and light element abundances ✓

2. Only ancient myths and legends

3. No scientific evidence exists at all

4. Only computer models without observations

1. Light emitted directly from the Sun

2. Modern radio broadcasts from Earth

3. Radio signals sent by alien civilizations

4. The afterglow of the Big Bang, radiation from when the universe first became transparent ✓

1. 13.8 billion years old ✓

2. 4.5 billion years old

3. 6,000 years old

4. Infinite in age

1. Empty space with nothing in it

2. Invisible matter that doesn't emit or absorb light but interacts through gravity ✓

3. Pure energy without any mass

4. Visible dust clouds between stars

1. A mysterious force causing the universe's expansion to accelerate ✓

2. Energy stored inside individual atoms

3. Solar power generated by the Sun

4. Energy emitted directly from stars

1. Looking into the past (we see them as they were billions of years ago) ✓

2. Time travel into the present

3. Looking into the future

4. Seeing them as they are now

1. 150 million km (1 AU)

2. 46.5 billion light-years ✓

3. Infinite

4. 13.8 billion light-years

1. Only planets

2. Only Earth and Moon

3. The Sun and all objects that orbit it due to gravity ✓

4. Only asteroids

1. The distance from Earth to the Moon

2. The average distance from Earth to the Sun ✓

3. The diameter of the Sun

4. The distance to the nearest star

1. Burning fuel like fire

2. Nuclear fusion (hydrogen → helium) ✓

3. Electricity

4. Chemical reactions

1. 25%

2. 50%

3. 75%

4. 99.86% ✓

1. Dwarf planets

2. Large, gaseous planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune)

3. Small, rocky planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars) ✓

4. Moons

1. Large and composed primarily of hydrogen and helium ✓

2. Small and rocky

3. Made of iron

4. All the same size

1. Mercury ✓

2. Mars

3. Venus

4. Pluto

1. Mercury because it is closest to the Sun

2. Venus due to its extreme greenhouse effect ✓

3. Mars with its thin atmosphere

4. Jupiter as the largest planet

1. It's the largest planet in the solar system

2. It has no moons orbiting around it

3. It's the only planet with liquid water, an oxygen-rich atmosphere, and life ✓

4. It's the farthest planet from the Sun

1. It's very hot

2. It glows red

3. It has red clouds

4. Its surface contains iron oxide (rust) ✓

1. Saturn

2. Earth

3. Jupiter ✓

4. Neptune

1. A volcanic crater on the surface

2. An impact scar from a collision

3. A giant storm larger than Earth that has been raging for over 350 years ✓

4. A moon orbiting around Jupiter

1. Its spectacular ring system ✓

2. Its Great Red Spot

3. Being the hottest planet

4. Having no moons

1. It has no moons

2. It's the largest planet

3. It rotates on its side (98° axial tilt) ✓

4. It's closest to the Sun

1. Asteroid

2. Dwarf planet ✓

3. Moon

4. Planet

1. Beyond Neptune

2. Between Earth and Mars

3. Between Mars and Jupiter (asteroid belt) ✓

4. Near the Sun

1. Ice (water, CO₂, methane, ammonia) mixed with dust and rock ✓

2. Pure rock

3. Only metal

4. Pure ice

1. Always points toward the Sun

2. Is always the same size

3. Points in the direction the comet is moving

4. Always points away from the Sun (pushed by solar wind and radiation pressure) ✓

1. 4.6 billion years ago ✓

2. 65 million years ago

3. 10,000 years ago

4. 13.8 billion years ago

1. A collision between two stars

2. Ocean water

3. An explosion

4. A collapsing, rotating cloud of gas and dust ✓

1. Inner planets are older and have had more time to solidify

2. Temperature gradient: inner solar system was too hot for ices, only rocks condensed; outer system was cold enough for ices and gas capture ✓

3. Inner planets are smaller by random chance

4. Outer planets came from elsewhere in the galaxy

1. It's the largest moon in the solar system

2. It has a subsurface liquid water ocean beneath an ice shell, with potential for life ✓

3. It's the closest moon to the Sun

4. It has prominent rings like Saturn

1. It has a thick atmosphere denser than Earth's and liquid methane lakes ✓

2. It's made of pure gold and valuable metals

3. It has no atmosphere at all

4. It's the smallest moon in the solar system

1. The four largest moons of Jupiter, discovered by Galileo in 1610 ✓

2. Planets orbiting around the Sun

3. Asteroids in the asteroid belt

4. Comets with long tails

1. The asteroid belt

2. Earth's atmosphere

3. A region near the Sun

4. A region beyond Neptune containing icy bodies including dwarf planets ✓

1. Only temperature

2. Day-to-day weather conditions

3. Long-term average weather patterns over 30+ years ✓

4. Only precipitation

1. Ocean currents

2. Latitude (distance from equator) ✓

3. Altitude

4. Vegetation

1. They are farther from the Sun than lower elevations

2. Air pressure decreases, causing air to expand and cool ✓

3. There is more wind at higher elevations

4. There is less oxygen available at higher elevations

1. They have more wind than inland areas

2. They have more vegetation than inland areas

3. They are at lower elevation than inland areas

4. Water has high specific heat capacity, so it heats and cools slowly, moderating temperature ✓

1. A new phenomenon

2. Caused by pollution

3. Essential for life—keeps Earth at +15°C instead of -18°C ✓

4. Bad for Earth

1. Carbon dioxide (CO₂) ✓

2. Argon

3. Oxygen

4. Nitrogen

1. 1.1°C ✓

2. 5°C

3. 0.1°C

4. 10°C

1. Volcanic eruptions

2. Burning fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) and deforestation ✓

3. Ocean evaporation

4. Breathing by animals

1. No evidence exists

2. Only computer models

3. Rising global temperatures, melting ice/glaciers, rising sea levels, extreme weather ✓

4. Only opinions

1. Unchanging for millions of years

2. Increasing

3. Staying constant

4. Decreasing at ~13% per decade since 1979 ✓

1. Melting floating icebergs in the ocean

2. Thermal expansion of warming water and melting land ice ✓

3. More rainfall over the oceans

4. Earthquakes causing land to sink

1. 10 cm/year

2. 3.4 mm/year

3. 1 mm/year ✓

4. 1 meter/year

1. Oceans absorbing excess CO₂, forming carbonic acid ✓

2. Too much oxygen

3. Too much salt

4. Warming alone

1. Only cool the planet

2. Slow down warming

3. Amplify and accelerate warming ✓

4. Have no effect

1. Sunlight decreases

2. Water is too cold

3. Fish populations increase

4. Warm water stresses corals, causing them to expel symbiotic algae ✓

1. Building sea walls

2. Adapting to impacts

3. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions to prevent further warming ✓

4. Moving coastal communities

1. Adjusting to climate change impacts through various strategies ✓

2. Ignoring the problem completely

3. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions

4. Only using renewable energy sources

1. Planting drought-resistant crops

2. Evacuating coastal areas

3. Building levees

4. Transitioning to solar/wind energy to reduce CO₂ emissions ✓

1. Limit global warming to well below 2°C, preferably 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels ✓

2. Ban all cars

3. Increase emissions

4. Require vegetarianism

1. It's just a guess without any evidence

2. Only one scientist believes this theory

3. No scientific evidence exists at all

4. Multiple lines of evidence including timing, isotope fingerprints, stratosphere cooling, and rate of change ✓

1. Agriculture alone without other sectors

2. Energy sector including electricity, heat, and transportation ✓

3. Waste management and disposal

4. Tourism and travel industry

1. Natural gas only

2. Solar, wind, hydroelectric, geothermal ✓

3. Nuclear only

4. Coal and oil

1. Livestock produce methane, require land, water, and feed, and contribute significantly to emissions ✓

2. Meat has an unpleasant taste and flavor

3. It has no effect on climate change

4. Only vegetables provide proper nutrition

1. All impacts affect everyone equally everywhere

2. Only wealthy nations are affected by climate change

3. No one is affected by climate change impacts

4. Poor nations and communities suffer most despite contributing least to emissions ✓

1. Only in movies

2. Unimportant

3. Times when weather changes daily

4. Critical thresholds where changes become irreversible ✓

1. Oxygen as the most abundant gas

2. Carbon dioxide as the main component

3. Nitrogen, which makes up about 78% of the atmosphere ✓

4. Water vapor as the primary gas

1. Troposphere

2. Stratosphere ✓

3. Mesosphere

4. Thermosphere

1. Stratosphere

2. Troposphere ✓

3. Mesosphere

4. Exosphere

1. Increases

2. Fluctuates randomly

3. Stays the same

4. Decreases ✓

1. Only precipitation

2. Long-term average patterns (30+ years)

3. Short-term atmospheric conditions (hours to days) ✓

4. Only temperature

1. Clear, calm weather ✓

2. Cloudy, rainy weather

3. Tornadoes

4. Hurricanes

1. Cloudy, rainy weather ✓

2. Clear skies

3. No wind

4. Extreme heat

1. The total amount of water vapor in the air

2. The ratio of actual water vapor to maximum capacity at that temperature, expressed as a percentage ✓

3. Always 100% in all conditions

4. The same as the air temperature

1. Ice forms

2. Air freezes

3. Air becomes saturated and water vapor condenses ✓

4. Wind stops

1. Volcanic eruptions

2. The Moon's gravity

3. Ocean currents

4. Differences in air pressure ✓

1. Cold air sinks

2. Warm, moist air rises, cools, and water vapor condenses ✓

3. The Sun heats the ground

4. Air pressure increases

1. High, wispy, made of ice crystals

2. Low, gray, uniform layer

3. Puffy, white, fair-weather clouds ✓

4. Towering thunderstorm clouds

1. Severe weather including thunderstorms, heavy rain, hail, and tornadoes ✓

2. Light drizzle and gentle rain

3. No precipitation at all

4. Only snow and no other forms of precipitation

1. Heavy thunderstorms

2. Tornadoes

3. Light drizzle or steady rain ✓

4. Hail

1. Low, puffy clouds

2. Middle-level gray clouds

3. Thunderstorm clouds

4. High, thin, wispy clouds made of ice crystals ✓

1. The Sun heats the ground

2. Temperature increases

3. Cloud droplets grow large enough to overcome updrafts and fall ✓

4. Humidity decreases

1. Warm air rapidly pushing under cold air

2. Cold air rapidly pushing under warm air ✓

3. No temperature change at all

4. Only occurring during winter months

1. Immediate temperature increase with no clouds

2. Warm air gradually sliding over retreating cold air ✓

3. No clouds forming at all

4. Cold air sliding over warm air

1. Natural process where atmospheric gases trap heat, keeping Earth warm ✓

2. Harmful pollution

3. Only caused by humans

4. Cooling of Earth

1. Color and smell of the air

2. Wind speed and direction

3. Size only without other factors

4. Temperature and moisture content ✓

1. Cold and dry

2. Warm and moist ✓

3. Cold and moist

4. Warm and dry

1. Stratus clouds with uniform layers

2. Strong thunderstorms with powerful updrafts ✓

3. Cirrus clouds high in the atmosphere

4. All types of clouds equally

1. Moving air to deflect right in the Northern Hemisphere or left in the Southern Hemisphere ✓

2. Ocean tides to rise and fall

3. Earthquakes to occur more frequently

4. Day and night to alternate

1. Carbon dioxide, primarily from burning fossil fuels ✓

2. Nitrogen gas in the atmosphere

3. Oxygen gas in the air

4. Argon gas in the atmosphere

1. Temperature

2. Humidity

3. Wind speed

4. Air pressure ✓

1. Made by humans

2. Only naturally occurring

3. Naturally occurring, inorganic, solid, definite composition, crystalline structure ✓

4. Organic

1. Quartz (SiO₂)

2. Coal (organic) ✓

3. Halite (NaCl)

4. Calcite (CaCO₃)

1. Talc

2. Diamond ✓

3. Quartz

4. Corundum

1. The shine of a mineral

2. The external color of the mineral

3. The way a mineral breaks

4. The color of the mineral's powder ✓

1. A mineral's hardness

2. A mineral's color

3. How a mineral breaks along smooth, flat planes ✓

4. A mineral's density

1. Cooling and solidification of magma or lava ✓

2. Compaction of sediments

3. Heat and pressure on existing rocks

4. Weathering

1. Large; slowly underground ✓

2. Small; rapidly at surface

3. No crystals; instantly

4. Medium; moderate speed

1. Extrusive

2. Intrusive ✓

3. Sedimentary

4. Metamorphic

1. Intrusive

2. Sedimentary

3. Extrusive ✓

4. Metamorphic

1. Cooling magma

2. Heat and pressure

3. Only volcanic eruptions

4. Weathering, erosion, deposition, compaction, and cementation of sediments ✓

1. Limestone

2. Coal ✓

3. Sandstone

4. Shale

1. Sandstone

2. Shale

3. Limestone ✓

4. Conglomerate

1. Contain fossils ✓

2. Are very hard

3. Form from magma

4. Have crystals

1. Cooling magma

2. Compaction of sediments

3. Heat and pressure changing existing rocks without melting ✓

4. Only erosion

1. Sandstone

2. Granite

3. Shale

4. Limestone ✓

1. Granite

2. Sandstone

3. Shale ✓

4. Limestone

1. Alignment of minerals under directed pressure ✓

2. Cooling

3. Weathering

4. Cementation

1. Only sedimentary to metamorphic

2. False

3. Only igneous to sedimentary

4. True ✓

1. The breakdown of rocks into smaller pieces ✓

2. The movement of sediments

3. The formation of magma

4. The pressure on rocks

1. The breakdown of rocks

2. The melting of rocks

3. The formation of crystals

4. The transportation of weathered materials by water, wind, ice, or gravity ✓

1. Only Earth's internal heat

2. Both Earth's internal heat and solar energy ✓

3. Only solar energy

4. Only gravity

1. Igneous → Sedimentary → Metamorphic

2. Igneous → Metamorphic (directly) ✓

3. Metamorphic → Sedimentary → Igneous

4. Sedimentary → Metamorphic → Igneous

1. It has many gas bubble holes (vesicles), making it less dense than water ✓

2. It's made of lightweight elements

3. It's hollow

4. It's magnetic

1. Large, rounded pebbles cemented together ✓

2. Clay-sized particles

3. Sand-sized grains

4. Volcanic ash

1. Lack of visible layers

2. Fizzing in acid

3. Ability to split into sheets

4. Distinct banding (foliation) of light and dark minerals ✓

1. One solid unbroken shell

2. Completely liquid

3. Broken into large plates that move ✓

4. Made only of ocean floor

1. Plate tectonics

2. Continental drift ✓

3. Seafloor spreading

4. Mantle convection

1. Identical fossils on continents now separated by oceans

2. Matching coastlines of Africa and South America

3. Ocean depth measurements ✓

4. Matching rock formations across oceans

1. Convergent boundary

2. Subduction zone

3. Transform boundary

4. Divergent boundary ✓

1. Move toward each other

2. Slide past each other

3. Move away from each other ✓

4. Don't move

1. Mid-ocean ridge ✓

2. Trench

3. Mountain range

4. Volcano only

1. Transform boundary ✓

2. Convergent boundary

3. Divergent boundary

4. Rift valley

1. The continental plate subducts beneath the oceanic plate

2. The oceanic plate subducts beneath the continental plate ✓

3. Both plates rise up

4. Nothing happens

1. Divergent boundary

2. Transform boundary

3. Convergent boundary (two continental plates colliding) ✓

4. Hotspot

1. Wind

2. Ocean currents

3. Earth's rotation

4. Convection currents in the mantle ✓

1. The center of Earth

2. A volcanic and earthquake zone around the Pacific Ocean ✓

3. A desert region

4. An ocean current

1. Thunderstorms

2. Volcanic eruptions only

3. Sudden release of energy along faults ✓

4. Ocean waves

1. Epicenter ✓

2. Focus (hypocenter)

3. Fault

4. Seismic zone

1. Surface waves

2. P-waves ✓

3. S-waves

4. All arrive simultaneously

1. Solids

2. The crust

3. Both solids and liquids

4. Liquids ✓

1. Earthquake duration

2. Earthquake depth

3. Earthquake magnitude (energy released) ✓

4. Earthquake location

1. 32 times ✓

2. 10 times

3. 2 times

4. 100 times

1. Divergent

2. Transform

3. All produce equal depths

4. Convergent (subduction zones) ✓

1. Seafloor spreading ✓

2. Continental drift

3. Earthquake prediction

4. Climate change

1. Continental drift

2. Volcanic formation

3. Earthquake prediction

4. Seafloor spreading ✓

1. At mid-ocean ridges

2. Near continents, farthest from mid-ocean ridges ✓

3. Randomly distributed

4. At transform faults

1. Oceans haven't existed longer

2. Old crust is subducted and recycled ✓

3. Erosion destroys old rocks

4. Scientists haven't found them yet

1. Convergent (oceanic-continental) ✓

2. Transform

3. Divergent

4. Hotspot

1. Plate interiors (far from boundaries) ✓

2. Subduction zones

3. Transform faults

4. Mid-ocean ridges

1. The crust is thin

2. The inner core is solid

3. The mantle is solid

4. The outer core is liquid ✓

1. Mantle

2. Outer core

3. Crust ✓

4. Inner core

1. Upper and lower

2. Continental and oceanic ✓

3. Solid and liquid

4. Hot and cold

1. Inner core

2. Mantle ✓

3. Outer core

4. Crust

1. Valleys

2. Deserts

3. Oceans

4. Mountains ✓

1. Liquid

2. Plasma

3. Solid ✓

4. Gas

1. Heat from Earth's core ✓

2. Wind

3. Sunlight

4. Ocean currents

1. Liquid iron and nickel ✓

2. Solid rock

3. Gas

4. Ice

1. The mantle

2. Movement of liquid iron in the outer core ✓

3. The Sun

4. The atmosphere

1. Plasma

2. Gas

3. Solid ✓

4. Liquid

1. By satellites

2. By using X-rays

3. By drilling to the center

4. By studying seismic waves from earthquakes ✓

1. Only solids

2. Both solids and liquids ✓

3. Only gases

4. Only liquids

1. Only gases

2. Only liquids

3. Both solids and liquids

4. Only solids ✓

1. Pressure compresses materials and heavier elements sank during differentiation ✓

2. The atmosphere gets thinner

3. Oxygen increases

4. Temperature decreases

1. Sedimentation

2. Erosion

3. Differentiation ✓

4. Stratification

1. Lithosphere

2. Lehmann discontinuity

3. Gutenberg discontinuity

4. Mohorovičić discontinuity (Moho) ✓

1. The entire core

2. Only the crust

3. The crust and uppermost rigid mantle ✓

4. Only the mantle

1. Being the same as the crust

2. Being completely liquid

3. Being very cold and rigid

4. Being partially molten and able to flow slowly ✓

1. 2,500°C

2. 10,000°C

3. 1,000°C

4. 5,200°C ✓

1. Granite ✓

2. Basalt

3. Iron

4. Ice

1. Granite

2. Sandstone

3. Limestone

4. Basalt ✓

1. Deep drilling

2. Analysis of seismic wave behavior ✓

3. Volcanic samples

4. Satellite imaging

1. Magnetic field variations

2. Sudden increase in seismic wave velocity ✓

3. Volcanic eruptions

4. Gravitational changes

1. Radioactive decay and residual heat from formation ✓

2. The Sun heats it

3. Chemical reactions

4. Friction from rotation

1. The inner core is liquid while the outer core is solid

2. The crust is thicker than the mantle

3. All layers have the same density

4. Temperature generally increases with depth ✓

1. Volcanic eruptions

2. Atmospheric pressure

3. Ocean depths

4. Earth's overall density is much higher than surface rocks ✓

1. Eliminate all species from ecosystems

2. Prevent all human use of natural resources

3. Protect biodiversity and manage resources sustainably for current and future generations ✓

4. Ignore ecosystems and their importance

1. Neither protects nature

2. Conservation allows sustainable use; preservation restricts all use ✓

3. Preservation allows use; conservation doesn't

4. They are identical

1. 90%

2. 15% ✓

3. 1%

4. 50%

1. No conservation value or importance

2. Low diversity and low threat levels

3. Only common and widespread species

4. High endemic species and significant habitat loss ✓

1. Remove species permanently

2. Harm animals

3. Breed endangered species in zoos/facilities for potential reintroduction to wild ✓

4. Always fail

1. Connect fragmented habitats, allowing migration and gene flow ✓

2. Only benefit humans

3. Block animal movement

4. Have no purpose

1. Extinction risk using categories from Extinct to Least Concern ✓

2. Diet and feeding habits

3. Color and physical appearance

4. Size and body mass

1. Using all available resources immediately

2. Meeting present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet theirs ✓

3. Ignoring environmental concerns completely

4. No development or progress at all

1. Air, water, soil

2. Past, present, future

3. Environmental, economic, social ✓

4. Plants, animals, decomposers

1. Polar ice

2. Desert

3. Tundra

4. Tropical rainforest ✓

1. Use resources once

2. Eliminate waste by continuously reusing/recycling materials ✓

3. Linear consumption

4. Create infinite waste

1. $1 thousand per year globally

2. $1 per year globally

3. $125 to 145 trillion per year globally ✓

4. $1 million per year globally

1. Selective logging of mature trees and replanting ✓

2. Clear-cutting everything

3. Burning all forests

4. No replanting

1. Allow unlimited fishing

2. Restrict or prohibit fishing/extraction, allowing ecosystem recovery ✓

3. Harm fish populations

4. Have no rules

1. Banned CFCs, allowing the ozone layer to recover ✓

2. Failed completely in its objectives

3. Promoted increased pollution levels

4. Increased ozone depletion rates

1. No conservation efforts at all

2. Losing all forest cover completely

3. Continued deforestation and habitat destruction

4. Increasing forest cover significantly through payments for ecosystem services ✓

1. A trophic cascade where wolves controlled deer, vegetation recovered, and the ecosystem was restored ✓

2. Only wolves benefited from the reintroduction

3. Wolves harm ecosystems and should be removed

4. No effect on the ecosystem at all

1. Destroying habitats

2. No economic consideration

3. Taking resources for free

4. Compensating landowners for protecting ecosystems that provide services ✓

1. Solar, wind, hydro, geothermal ✓

2. Nuclear only

3. Coal and oil

4. Natural gas only

1. Only economic growth and development

2. Ignoring environmental concerns completely

3. Only developed nations and their needs

4. 17 integrated goals including poverty reduction, clean energy, climate action, and life on land and water ✓

1. Buying more plastic products and disposable items

2. Reducing consumption, reusing items, recycling, eating sustainable foods, and conserving energy and water ✓

3. Increasing waste production and consumption

4. Ignoring environmental problems completely

1. Species can't recover

2. DDT ban, habitat protection, and breeding programs can reverse population declines ✓

3. Pollution is harmless

4. Conservation doesn't work

1. Forest products from sustainably managed forests ✓

2. No standards

3. Unsustainable logging

4. Clearcutting approved

1. Habitat loss

2. Protected areas ✓

3. Invasive species

4. Climate change

1. Ignoring the problem and hoping it goes away

2. Only individual efforts without any other support

3. Only government action without public participation

4. Individual actions, community initiatives, national policies, and international cooperation ✓

1. Overhunting only

2. Climate change

3. Habitat destruction and fragmentation ✓

4. Light pollution

1. Having no effect

2. Releasing stored carbon and reducing CO₂ absorption by trees ✓

3. Cooling the planet

4. Increasing oxygen only

1. 25%

2. 46% ✓

3. 10%

4. 90%

1. Low pH levels in the water

2. Too few nutrients in the ecosystem

3. Cold water temperatures

4. Excess nutrients causing algae blooms, oxygen depletion, and dead zones ✓

1. Lack of nutrients

2. Too much oxygen

3. Fertilizer runoff from farms creating hypoxic conditions ✓

4. Natural processes only

1. Toxins concentrating in organisms' bodies and increasing up the food chain ✓

2. Rapid population growth in ecosystems

3. Energy transfer between trophic levels

4. Nutrients increasing in the environment

1. From 280 ppm to 420 ppm, representing about a 50% increase ✓

2. No change in atmospheric CO₂ levels

3. Decreased significantly over time

4. Doubled from 500 to 1000 ppm

1. 10°C

2. 1.1°C since 1850 ✓

3. 5°C

4. No change

1. Salinity decreases

2. Water is too cold

3. Warm water stresses corals, causing them to expel symbiotic algae ✓

4. Nutrients increase

1. Slower than the natural background rate

2. The same as the natural background rate

3. No extinctions are currently occurring

4. 100 to 1,000 times faster than the natural background extinction rate ✓

1. 50%

2. 10% ✓

3. 90%

4. 30%

1. Sustainable fishing practices

2. Fishing has no impact

3. How overexploitation can cause population collapse and economic disaster ✓

4. Fish populations always recover

1. Human activities including trade, travel, and intentional or accidental introduction ✓

2. Only natural migration patterns of species

3. Never through human activities

4. Spontaneous generation in new environments

1. Doesn't exist

2. Helps marine life

3. Persists for centuries, harming wildlife through ingestion and entanglement ✓

4. Decomposes quickly

1. Animals prefer smaller habitat fragments

2. It has no effect on ecosystems

3. It creates more total habitat area

4. It isolates populations, prevents migration, and increases edge effects ✓

1. The physical size of a person's shoe

2. A person's height and body measurements

3. The land and water area required to support a person's lifestyle and absorb their waste ✓

4. The distance a person walks in a day